According from several literature that I read.
Bagua ch'uan (Giles-Wade) is also known as pa kua zhang (pinyin), Pa Kwa, 八卦掌, direct translation: Eight Trigram Fist aw well as Youshen Bagua (roving eight-trigram), Longxing Bagua (dragon-shaped), Xingyi Bagua (Shape-Mind), Yinyang Bapan Zhang (Postive-negative eight plate palm).
This style is widely known with it's rounding around opponent moving/walk.
Ba Gua Zhang is a Chinese "internal" martial art. The word, Ba Gua, means Eight trigrams in English. The trigrams refers to the written symbols that is composed of eight whole and broken lines. Those symbols are found in the ancient Chinese text of divination, the Book of Changes (I Ching). Practitioners of this style use the concepts from the I Ching as a theoretical basis and memory aid for their training. In the Yi Ching(The Book Of Changes), there is Tai-Chi (The Grand Terminus, which generated the two forms (Yin and Yang). These two forms generated four symbols. These four symbols transformed and generated the Eight Trigrams(Ba-gua or Pak-kua). This logic is applied to the practice of this style. From the initial philosophy of Ba gua, the practioner generates the sixty-four techniques of the style. The word Zhang means palm and relates to the preference of this styles for open hand (palm) techniques.
This style is one of the most popular martial arts style in China today. Ba Gua Zhang has a long an illustrious history. Like other Chinese martial art styles, its true origin has been clouded by myths and legend. Historically, this style is popular in Heibei Province of China. Within the last century, many Ba Gua Zhang stylists identify Dong Haichuan (circa 1800's) of Wenan County as the leading exponent or even the originator of modern Ba Gua Zhang. Dong Haichuan's students definitely contributed to the popularization of this style through out the world and many of the recognized styles of Ba Gua Zhang can be traced back to the students of Dong Haichuan.
Styles
The major styles of Ba Gua are named after the Chinese family name of the noted practitioner that popularized the system:
|
Prehistory
Bagua theory is based on a long history that spans thousands of years. The legendary Chinese emperor Fu His (2852-2738 B.C) is credited with the discovery of methods of divination using the symbols of the I (Yi) Ching. The methods and techniques were passed down as an oral tradition until the twelfth century BC. Chou Wen (~ 1143 BC), a I Ching scholar, re-interpreted the names of the gua (trigrams) and collected writings on the I Ching. His younger son, Chou Tan, known as the Duke of Chau, completed the work of his father by assigning meanings to the individual lines that made up the gua and completed the modern version of the book in 1110 BC. Chinese mythology attributes the longevity of the Chou Dynasty (1150-249 B.C) wise government derived from study of this book.
The importance of the I Ching is reaffirm when Confucius(551-479 B.C) recorded in his Analects, "If some years were added to my life, I would give fifty to the study of the Yi-Ching, and might then escape from falling into great errors." Through Confucius, the I Ching was honored as a Classic, and was required reading for scholars and government exams. The I Ching is also closely identified with Taoist practice because of its use in divination. This book is considered to be as important as the other Taoist text such as the Tao Te Ching and the writings of Chuang Tze. The Taoist then merged the philosophy of the I Ching with exercises and moving meditations to form the precursor of Bagua Zhang. However, the exact natures of those practices were not recorded. Historically, one of the first references to a form of Bagua Zhang relates that two Taoist priests (Bi Yun and Jin Yun) practice and taught this art. They lived on Mount Ermei in Sichuan Province during the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty.
Others attribute the teachers of Dong Hai Chong to be Pi Cheng Xia (Bi Chengxia) and he passed on this knowledge to others including Song Yi Ren who later taught Gao Yi Sheng. Tian Hou-Jie claims to be one of the students of the two Taoist priests and the Tian family continued the tradition of Yin-Yang BaGua Zhang. In 1958, Tian Hui published a book Yin-Yang BaGua Zhang which describes the history and practice of this style.
Dong Hai Chang (1798-1882)
Dong Hai Chang (Tung Hai-Chuan) is the acknowledged founder of the style. A native of Zhujiawa, south of Wenan County in Heibei Province. When he was young, he studied the erlangquan (Erlang - hero from chinese legends) of Shaolin School. He was poverty-stricken but chivalrous, and he drifted from place to place. Legend suggests that during his travels through China, he studied with a Taoist, Bi Chengxia, in Mt. Jiuhua in the southern part of Anhui Province, one of China's five sacred mountains. Later Dong learned other skills from Guo Yuanj'l, nicknamed the "Iron Stick Taoist." After several years of study, he created a new style "Turning Palms" and use his techniques to defeat many famous martial artists. Dong Serving the princeDong travelled to Beijing in 1875. He was employed in the house of Prince Shan Qi's during the reign of the Emperor Guang Xu . One legend described how Prince Shan Qi became aware of the remarkable abilities of Dong. In this story, Shan Qi was a great lover of wushu. The prince was famous for holding parties where he invited the greatest martial arts in the country to demonstrate their skills. During one of those events, a servant with a large tray of tea couldn't get through to the prince because of the large crowd. In order to help, Dong took the tray with the tea and got to the prince by running on the wall which was over everyone's head. The prince immediately recognized the Dong's unique skills and quickly promoted Dong. Another version of the discovery of Dong also occur during a party hosted by the Prince. In this story, Prince Shan Qi asked his bodyguard Sha Huihui to demonstrate his martial arts skills. Sha was a strong man and his breath taking performance drew prolonged applause from the audience. During the heat of the moment, he issued an open challenge to those present. No one dared to accept the challenge. At that moment it happened that Dong Haichuan was serving food and drinks to the guests. He heard the challenger but hesitated over whether he should answer it. When he saw no one come forward, he volunteered to take on Sha Huihui. After a few bouts, he made a sweeping, forceful movement with his palms and flung Sha to the ground a dozen feet away. Everyone was struck dumb by his prowess. The prince was so impressed that he later made Dong head of his bodyguards. Dong became one of the prominent martial artists in the court and from that time on he began to teach baguazhang in Beijing and the surrounding areas. He taught many students in Beijing and all his students were known for their quality and skills. Dong Haichuan died in 1882 at the age of 84. He was buried beside the Red Bridge outside Beijing's Dongzhi Gate. On his graph was an epitaph written by his followers and a list of his students. This tomb was damaged during the cultural revolution. In 1980, the tomb was renovated and moved to Wan'an Cemetery.
Li Ching Yeun and Nine Dragon Bagua
There many stories describing the orgins of Nine Dragon Bagua. In one version, the founder was a Tibetan monk, Lama, Zurdwang (1530 -1620) from Quamdo Tibet. He travelled extensively throughout China seeking wisdom and knowledge about Taoist methods and boxing methods. He stayed in the Ermei mountain for five years and earned the name, Dao Long Ren (Way of the Dragon). After his long period of study, he became to be a tutor to the Li Family of Dafu, Sichuan Province. He taught the family his complete system, Daoqiquan (Tao Ch'i Ch'üan - way of chi fist). The Li family established a great reputation as body guards using this system. Other stories involve Li Ching-Yuen. He was born 1678 AD in Chyi Jiang Hsien, Szechwan province. He eventually moved to Kai Hsien, Chen Jia Charng's family field. Li was a noted herbalist and Daoist master who learned his techniques in the Ermei mountains. Li lived an extremely interesting life. He was reported to have outlived more than 23 wives and took part in government affairs. Chinese Records indicate that at the age of 71, Li was a tactical advisor Yeuh Jong-Chyi's army. In 1927, Li was reported to be living with General Yang Sen in Wan Hsien, Sichuan province. When he finally died, news paper report that he was more than 197 years old.
Yin Yang Bagua
There are two different styles of Yin Yang Bagua. One is promoted by Tian Hou Jie and the other by Li Zhengqing. Tian Hou-Jie (Tian Ruhong) was a native of Shandong Province but moved to Hebei province in the late Ming Dynasty. Once while on tour in Sichuan Province, Tian saw some criminal activity and tried to exact justice. Two Daoist priests (Pi Yun and Jing Yun) rescued him when he was having problems and from that point on he acknowledge them as his wushu tutors and followed them for the next 12 years. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty Tian returned home but resented the autocracy of the local authorities and left again. He took a youngster named Tian Xuan with him and taught him his style of Yin Yang Bagua Zhang. Years later Tian Xuan returned to his home fillage in Shandong Province and taught the style to other Tian family members. Until recently the style was only taught in this village to these family members. Li Zhengqing (1830-1900) was born in Henan Province but he traveled to Hebei Province to learn improve his existing Bagua Zhang technique. He established a new style, Yin Yang (Positive - Negative) Bagua Zhang. After returning home in 1870, he continued to teach this style to his villagers. In 1937 a follower of his, Ren Zhicheng, wrote a book entitled "Yin Yang Bagua Zhang" which is still studied today.
Gao Style Bagua
In the 1900's, Gao Yi Sheng, a noted Bagua practitioner and a student of Cheng Tin Hua, meet a Taoist Song Yi Ren. Song claimed to be a student of Pi Cheng Xia, the teacher of Dong Hai Chuan. He taught Gao the post heaven techniques of Bagua Zhang.
Philosophy
In chinese, "I" means change and "Ching" means book. The I Ching together means 'The Book Of Changes' and is one of the five Classics for Chinese Scholars. Just as Shaolin Kungfu is based on Zen Buddhism, T'ai chi on Taoism, the foundation of Bagua is related to the Kua (Trigrams) of the I Ching. The Bagua (Eight Trigram) consists of eight combinations of three whole and broken lines used in divination.
History of the I Ching
Fu Hsi (2852-2738 BC), the legendary rule of China, was created with the creation of the Trigram as well as the inventor of fishing, trapping, cooking, the calendar, angular measurement and writing. During the Hsia Dynasty, the trigrams of Fu Hsi were combined into the sixty-four hexagrams, and brief divination texts were added. This became one of the first books, called the Lieu Shan, or Manifestation of Change in the Mountains, and was consulted with the yarrow oracle (Yarrow was considered to be a sacred plant beause it grow only in sacred places). A new form of the divination text renamed the Kuei Tsang, or Flow and Return to Womb and Tomb, was used during the Shang Dynasty. King Wen (1184-1135 B), also known as Ji Chang the marquis of Western Bo and the founder of the Chou Dynasty was another important contributor int he evolution of the I Ching. While in prision, he wrote new divination texts for the hexagrams of the Kuei Tsang, and arranged them in their present order. This work is known as the Pem Ching and consists of the Kua (hexagrams) and Thuan (Judgements). Later, King Wen's son, King Wu and his brother Tan, modified Pem Ching by adding the Hsiao (Lines). This completed the version of the I Ching as it survives to the present day. The I Ching has became a valuable method for Chinese philosophers to explain their thoughts and theories. Confucius was quoted as saying: 'If many years were added to my life, I would give 50 to the study of the Zhou Yi and might thereby manage to avoid great mistakes." In Chinese society, it is often eblive that those who sought to establish themselves never failed to rely on the guidance of the I Ching. Chinese histories provided the following examples of those that take advantage of the I Ching:
|
Description of the Bagua (Eight Trigrams)
B agua can be described as follows: 1. I Ching is predicted by using 6 coins (usually) to get the arrangement of one of the 64 arrangements. In each of these there are 2 types of answer which is positive & negative (‘yin’ & ‘yang’ or the tho opposites). Then it can be divided into 6 more different types of interpretation depending the situation. 2. The interaction of the Yin and Yang gives rise to all changes. Yin and yang are not merely opposite states but can be complementary in nature. This is called the unity of opposites. 3. Only when one understands the relationship between opposites of the hexagrams will one see the original meanings. Because of this, many people misinterprets the hexagram due to their lack of thorough understanding. If one thinks only of gain and ignores the possibility of failure, he will run into trouble. If one thinks only of living and ignores risks to life, regret will be too late. If one knows only how to move forward and not backward, he will reach a dead end. Sorrow and happiness, poverty and wealth, Yin and Yang will transform from one into the other under certain conditions.
Relationship between Bagua and the Practice of Martial Arts
At the simplest level, Bagua Palms makes use of the geometric frame work of the I Ching as a memory aid for the complex movements, attack and defenses of this style. For example, most styles of Bagua have 64 different techniques (Palms).
Bagua Training Overview
Bagua Zhang training requires dexterity and agility. The motion of Bagua practice is described as walking in mud, with foot steps changing like running water The emphasis is on continuous, linked palm and body movements. The idea is to perform the techniques as a series of endless overlapping circles. The body turns around from the waist during walking, roving, and turning, rising and falling. Always, the palm techniques change with the movement of the body. When the upper body protrudes, the lower parts of the body squats back to keep balance. When the arms are sent out, the feet are drawn back. Bagua forms are extremely graceful and have been described as moving like a dragon amongst the clouds; squatting like a tiger; alert as a tiger; and roving like an eagle. A basic curriculum for Bagua are as follows:
Bagua Training Overview
Bagua Zhang training requires dexterity and agility. The motion of Bagua practice is described as walking in mud, with foot steps changing like running water The emphasis is on continuous, linked palm and body movements. The idea is to perform the techniques as a series of endless overlapping circles. The body turns around from the waist during walking, roving, and turning, rising and falling. Always, the palm techniques change with the movement of the body. When the upper body protrudes, the lower parts of the body squats back to keep balance. When the arms are sent out, the feet are drawn back. Bagua forms are extremely graceful and have been described as moving like a dragon amongst the clouds; squatting like a tiger; alert as a tiger; and roving like an eagle. A basic curriculum for Bagua are as follows: 1. Solo practice - walking the circle
2. Solo practice - walking around objects (trees, sticks, etc.)
3. Applications
4. Weapons - sword, sabre, cudgel, etc.
5. Sanshou - free sparring
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar